Tuesday, June 10, 2008

Codd's Rules

Codd's 12 rules are a set of thirteen rules (numbered zero to twelve) proposed by Edgar Frank Codd , a pioneer of the relational model for databases, designed to define what is required from a database management system in order for it to be considered relational.

These rules were defined by Codd in a paper published in 1985. They specify what a relational database must support in order to be relational. These rules have been considerably extended in reference[2].

Rule 0 : Rule Zero for RDBMS

"For any system that is advertised as, or claimed to be, a relational database management system, that system must be able to manage databases entirely through its relational capabilities, no matter what additional capabilities the system may support." (Codd, 1990)

For a system to qualify as a relational database management system (RDMS), that system must use its relational facilities (exclusively) to manage the database.

Rule 1 : The information Rule.

"All information in a relational data base is represented explicitly at the logical level and in exactly one way - by values in tables."

Everything within the database exists in tables and is accessed via table access routines.

Rule 2 : Guaranteed access Rule.

"Each and every datum (atomic value) in a relational data base is guaranteed to be logically accessible by resorting to a combination of table name, primary key value and column name."

To access any data-item you specify which column within which table it exists, there is no reading of characters 10 to 20 of a 255 byte string.

Rule 3 : Systematic treatment of null values.

"Null values (distinct from the empty character string or a string of blank characters and distinct from zero or any other number) are supported in fully relational DBMS for representing missing information and inapplicable information in a systematic way, independent of data type."

If data does not exist or does not apply then a value of NULL is applied, this is understood by the RDBMS as meaning non-applicable data.

Rule 4 : Dynamic on-line catalog based on the relational model.

"The data base description is represented at the logical level in the same way as-ordinary data, so that authorized users can apply the same relational language to its interrogation as they apply to the regular data."

The Data Dictionary is held within the RDBMS, thus there is no-need for off-line volumes to tell you the structure of the database.

Rule 5 : Comprehensive data sub-language Rule.

"A relational system may support several languages and various modes of terminal use (for example, the fill-in-the-blanks mode). However, there must be at least one language whose statements are expressible, per some well-defined syntax, as character strings and that is comprehensive in supporting all the following items

  • Data Definition
  • View Definition
  • Data Manipulation (Interactive and by program).
  • Integrity Constraints
  • Authorization."

Every RDBMS should provide a language to allow the user to query the contents of the RDBMS and also manipulate the contents of the RDBMS.

Rule 6 : .View updating Rule

"All views that are theoretically updatable are also updatable by the system."

Not only can the user modify data, but so can the RDBMS when the user is not logged-in.

Rule 7 : High-level insert, update and delete.

"The capability of handling a base relation or a derived relation as a single operand applies not only to the retrieval of data but also to the insertion, update and deletion of data."

The user should be able to modify several tables by modifying the view to which they act as base tables.

Rule 8 : Physical data independence.

"Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired whenever any changes are made in either storage representations or access methods."

The user should not be aware of where or upon which media data-files are stored

Rule 9 : Logical data independence.

"Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired when information-preserving changes of any kind that theoretically permit un-impairment are made to the base tables."

User programs and the user should not be aware of any changes to the structure of the tables (such as the addition of extra columns).

Rule 10 : Integrity independence.

"Integrity constraints specific to a particular relational data base must be definable in the relational data sub-language and storable in the catalog, not in the application programs."

If a column only accepts certain values, then it is the RDBMS which enforces these constraints and not the user program, this means that an invalid value can never be entered into this column, whilst if the constraints were enforced via programs there is always a chance that a buggy program might allow incorrect values into the system.

Rule 11 : Distribution independence.

"A relational DBMS has distribution independence."

The RDBMS may spread across more than one system and across several networks, however to the end-user the tables should appear no different to those that are local.

Rule 12 : Non-subversion Rule.

"If a relational system has a low-level (single-record-at-a-time) language, that low level cannot be used to subvert or bypass the integrity Rules and constraints expressed in the higher level relational language (multiple-records-at-a-time)."

The RDBMS should prevent users from accessing the data without going through the Oracle or MSSQL data-read functions.

Note:

1) In Codd 1990, Codd extended the 12 rules to 18 to include rules on catalog, data types (domains), authorisation etc.

2) In Rule 5 Codd stated that an RDBMS required a Query Language, however Codd does not explicitly state that SQL should be the query tool, just that there should be a tool, and many of the initial products had their own tools, Oracle had UFI (User Friendly Interface), Ingres had QUEL (QUery Execution Language) and the never released DB1 had a language called sequel, the acronym SQL is often pronounced such as it was sequel that provided the core functionality to SQL.

Even when the vendors eventually all started offering SQL the flavours were/are all radically different and contained wildly varying syntax. This situation was somewhat resolved in the late 80's when ANSI brought out their first definition of the SQL syntax.

This has since been upgraded to version 2 and now all vendors offer a standard core SQL, however ANSI SQL is somewhat limited and thus all RDBMS providers offer extensions to SQL which may differ from vendor to vendor.

Friday, June 6, 2008

File Extension List

File extension list contains the list of file extensions. The file extension list contain basic information: the extension, the name of the program it works with and the company that makes the program. Not all extensions have all of the data.

File extentsion list is very big so i created a PDF file of extension list and uploaded to rapidshare.com. you can download it from link below. if for some reason link is broken comment on this post i will reupload the PDF File.

File Size: 90 KB
Download Link :
File Extension.pdf

Note:- File extension list is not complete in itself there is a possibility that some of the file extensions are not present in this list. It is also possible that some of file extension present in this list may not be used nowadays.

Monday, June 2, 2008

Windows Shortcuts

ALT+- (ALT+hyphen) Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menu

ALT+ENTER View properties for the selected item

ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order they were opened

ALT+F4 Close the active item, or quit the active program

ALT+SPACEBAR Display the System menu for the active window

ALT+TAB Switch between open items

ALT+Underlined letter Display the corresponding menu

CTRL+A Select all

CTRL+B Bold

CTRL+C Copy

CTRL+I Italics

CTRL+O Open an item

CTRL+U Underline

CTRL+V Paste

CTRL+X Cut

CTRL+Z Undo

CTRL+F4 Close the active document

CTRL while dragging Copy selected item

CTRL+SHIFT while dragging Create shortcut to selected item

CTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word

CTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word

CTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph

CTRL+UP ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph

CTRL+ESC Display the Start menu

ESC Cancel the current task

BACKSPACE View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer

F1 Displays Help

F2 Rename selected item

F3 Search for a file or folder

F4 Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer

F5 Refresh the active window

F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop

F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program

SHIFT+DELETE Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin

SHIFT+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected item

SHIFT+CTRL+ESC Launches Task Manager

SHIFT when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing

WIN Display or hide the Start menu

WIN+BREAK Display the System Properties dialog box

WIN+D Minimizes all Windows and shows the Desktop

WIN+E Open Windows Explorer

WIN+F Search for a file or folder

WIN+F+CTRL Search for computers

WIN+L Locks the desktop

WIN+M Minimize or restore all windows

WIN+R Open the Run dialog box

WIN+TAB Switch between open items

Windows Explorer Shortcuts

CTRL+ESC - Display the Start menu

CTRL+A - Select all items

CTRL+X - Cut selected item(s)

CTRL+C - Copy selected item(s)

CTRL+V - Paste item(s)

CTRL+Z - Undo last action

CTRL+(+) - Automatically resize the columns in the right hand pane

SHIFT+F10 - Display the item's context menu

SHIFT+DELETE - Delete an item immediately

ALT+SPACEBAR - Display the current window’s system menu

ALT+RIGHT ARROW - Move forward to a previous view

ALT+LEFT ARROW - Move backward to a previous view

ALT+TAB - Switch to the window you last used

ALT+F4 - Close the current window or quit

ALT+ENTER - View an item’s properties

BACKSPACE - View the folder one level up

TAB - Move forward through options

F2 - Rename selected item

F3 - Display Find application

F5 - Refresh window contents

F6 - Switch between left and right panes

F10 - Activate the menu bar in programs

Internet Explorer Shortcuts

CTRL+A - Select all items on the current page

CTRL+D - Add the current page to your Favorites

CTRL+E - Open the Search bar

CTRL+F - Find on this page

CTRL+H - Open the History bar

CTRL+I - Open the Favorites bar

CTRL+N - Open a new window

CTRL+O - Go to a new location (Open)

CTRL+P - Print the current page or active frame

CTRL+S - Save the current page

CTRL+W - Close current browser window

CTRL+ENTER - Adds the http://www. (url) .com

CTRL+TAB - Move forward between frames

CTRL+C - Copy selected items to the clipboard

CTRL+V - Insert contents of the clipboard

SHIFT+CLICK - Open link in new window

SHIFT+CTRL+TAB - Move back between frames

SHIFT+F10 - Display a shortcut menu for a link

SHIFT+TAB - Move back through the items on a page

ALT+HOME - Go to your Home page

ALT+RIGHT ARROW - Go to the next page

BACKSPACE - Go to the previous page

HOME - Move to the beginning of a document

TAB - Move forward through items on a page

END - Move to the end of a document

ESC - Stop downloading a page

ENTER - Activate a selected link

HOME - Move to the beginning of a document

END - Move to the end of a document

F1 - Display Internet Explorer Help

F5 - Refresh the current page

F4 - Display list of typed addresses

F6 - Change Address bar and page focus

F11 - Toggle full-screen view

Tuesday, May 27, 2008

Windows Commands undocumented

System Configuration Utility  (can use to control starup programs)
msconfig

System Configuration Editor
sysedit

Direct X Troubleshooter (Diagnose & test DirectX, video & sound cards)
dxdiag

System Information
msinfo32

Volume Control
sndvol32

Task Manager
taskmgr

Administrative Tools
control admintools

User Accounts
control userpasswords2
control userpasswords

Folders Properties
control folders

Display Properties
control desktop
control color      (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)

Mouse Properties
control mouse

Network Connections
control netconnections

Keyboard Properties
control keyboard

Printers and Faxes
control printers

Fonts
control fonts

Scheduled Tasks
control schedtasks

Component Services
dcomcnfg

Internet Information Server
inetmgr

Remote Desktop 
mstsc

Performance Monitor
perfmon

Disk Partition Manager
diskpart

ODBC Data Source Administrator 
odbcad32

Network shared folder wizard (creates shared folders on network)
shrpubw

Performance Monitor
perfmon.msc

Disk Management
diskmgmt.msc

Computer Management
compmgmt.msc

Event Viewer
eventvwr.msc

Device Manager
devmgmt.msc

Services
services.msc 

Windows Management Infrastructure(Windows Management Instrumentation)
wmimgmt.msc

Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof)
rsop.msc

Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)
gpedit.msc

Local Security Settings
secpol.msc

Local Users and Groups
lusrmgr.msc

Shared Folders
fsmgmt.msc

Indexing Service
ciadv.msc

Removable Storage
ntmsmgr.msc

Removable Storage Operator Requests
ntmsoprq.msc

Certificate Manager
certmgr.msc

Disk Defragment
dfrg.msc

Windows Explorer
explorer.scf

Windows Explorer
explorer

Internet Explorer
iexplore

Private Character Editor (allows creation or modification of characters)
eudcedit

Character Map
charmap

Clipboard Viewer (views contents of Windows clipboard)
clipbrd

Disk Cleanup 
cleanmgr

Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility
drwtsn32

SQL Client Configuration
cliconfg

DDE Shares
ddeshare

Iexpress Wizard (Create self-extracting / self-installing package)
iexpress

Object Packager 
packager

Program Manager (Legacy Windows 3.x desktop shell)
progman

Remote Access phone book 
rasphone

Mcft Synchronization Manager 
mobsync

File Signature Verification Tool
sigverif

Driver Verifier Utility
verifier

Logs You Out Of Windows
logoff

Shuts Down Windows
shutdown

Check Disk Utility
chkdsk

Command Prompt
cmd

Registry Editor
regedit

Registry Editor (Don't work on XP Prof)
regedit32

Display Properties
desk.cpl

Internet Properties
inetcpl.cpl

Sounds and Audio
mmsys.cpl

System Properties
sysdm.cpl

User Account Management
nusrmgr.cpl

Mouse Properties
main.cpl

Network Connections
ncpa.cpl

ODBC Data Source Administrator
odbccp32.cpl

Accessibility Controls
access.cpl

Add Hardware Wizard
hdwwiz.cpl

Add/Remove Programs
appwiz.cpl

Phone and Modem Options
telephon.cpl

Power Configuration
powercfg.cpl

Scanners and Cameras
sticpl.cpl

Game Controllers
joy.cpl

Findfast
findfast.cpl

Regional Settings
intl.cpl

Phone and Modem Options
telephon.cpl

Power Configuration
powercfg.cpl

Date and Time Properties
timedate.cpl

Automatic Updates
wuaucpl.cpl

Windows Firewall (Not working on my system)
firewall.cpl

Security Center (Not working on my system)
wscui.cpl

Network Setup Wizard (Not working on my system)
netsetup.cpl

Password Properties (Not working on my system)
password.cpl

Printers Folder
printers

Telnet Client
telnet

Utility Manager
utilman

Windows System Security Tool
syskey

Windows Update Launches
wupdmgr

m*cro$oft Chat
winchat

Windows XP Tour Wizard
tourstart

Windows Magnifier
magnify

On Screen Keyboard
osk

Fonts Folder
fonts

Notepad 
notepad

Wordpad
wordpad

Calculator
calc

Windows Media Player 5.1 (Retro version of Media Player, very basic)
mplay32

Bluetooth Transfer Wizard (Not working on my system)
fsquirt


IP Configuration
============
ipconfig /all # IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration)
ipconfig /displaydns # IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)
ipconfig /flushdns # IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)
ipconfig /release # IP Configuration (Release All Connections)
ipconfig /renew # IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)
ipconfig /registerdns # IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS)
ipconfig /showclassid # IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)
ipconfig /setclassid # IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID) 

System File Checker Utility
===================
sfc /scannow # System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately) 
sfc /scanonce # System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot) 
sfc /scanboot # System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) 
sfc /revert # System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting) 
sfc /purgecache # System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache) 
sfc /cachesize=x # System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)

Windows Games
============
Hearts Card Game
mshearts

Free Cell Card Game
freecell

Minesweeper Game
winmine

Spider Solitare Card Game
spider

If Installed 
========
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)*
directx.cpl

Java Control Panel 
javaws

Quicktime 
QuickTime.cpl

Opens AC3 Filter 
ac3filter.cpl

Nview Desktop Manager 
nvtuicpl.cpl

Java Control Panel 
jpicpl32.cpl

Microsoft Access
msaccess

Power Point
powerpnt

Microsoft Word
winword

Microsoft Excel
excel

FrontPage
frontpg

Adobe Acrobat Reader 6.0
acrord32

Adobe Illustrator
Illustrator

Adobe Photoshop cs 8.0
photoshop

Adobe ImageReady 8.0
imageready

MacroMedia Flash 8
flash

CloneCD v4.2
clonecd

CloneDVD v2
clonedvd2

Nero Smart
nerostartsmart

Nero Burning Rom
nero

Image Drive
imagedrive

Nero Vision
nerovision

Nero Player (Show Time)
showtime

Nero Media Player
neromediaplayer

JetAudio Player 6
jetaudio

Realplayer 
realplay

Visual C++
MSDEV

WinRAR
winrar

Mozilla FireFox Internet Explorer
firefox

AVG AntiVirus 7.0
avgw

Special Commands
=============
Runas

example:
runas /user:localmachinenameadministrator cmd
To start an instance of the command prompt as an administrator on the local computer

MicroSoft Mangement Console (.msc)       
msc may means MicroSoft Console    
mmc.exe MMCMainFrame

Network connections
control.exe netconnections

Command Base Utility : 
REXEC (Remote Execution) , RSH (Remote Shell) and Telnet

Transfer Utilities : FTP , RCP, TFTP
Printer Utilities : LPR, LPQ

Windows Movie Maker
moviemk

Windows Messenger
msmsgs

Microsoft Outlook Express
msimn

NetMetting
conf

Tuesday, May 20, 2008

Adding Radio Button to GridView

First add a literal control as shown below and in GridView1_RowCreated event which will run for every row. assign the text value of literal control. and u can add as many attributes u want in radio button.make one thing very clear that u can use web control or html server control because they are server control and when your gridview rendered it generate there own unique id and name. when you want to change the value or their status like checked/unchecked use Literal lc = (Literal)e.Row.FindControl("Literal1"); and change the text of literal control based on your requirement. where e is GridViewRowEventArgs you will get it in any gridview specific event like click etc.

<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server">

<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="Radio"> <ItemTemplate>

<asp:Literal ID="Literal1" runat="server"></asp:Literal>

</ItemTemplate>

</asp:TemplateField>

</asp:GridView>

protected void GridView1_RowCreated(object sender, GridViewRowEventArgs e)

{

if (e.Row.RowType == DataControlRowType.DataRow)

{

Literal lc = (Literal)e.Row.FindControl("Literal1");

lc.Text = lc.Text = String.Format("<input type='radio'

name='radiogroup' id=" + e.Row.RowIndex);

if (e.Row.RowIndex == 0)

lc.Text = lc.Text + " checked='checked'";

lc.Text = lc.Text + "/>";

}

}

Monday, May 19, 2008

Detecting async postback start & end

When you use the UpdatePanel control you probably also want to display some kind of progress bar to the user so they can see when the async. postback starts and when it's done, at least something that indicate that some work are being done and they need to wait until it's done. This can be done by using the UpdateProgress control shipped with ASP.Net Ajax 1.0 Extension. If you use the UpdatePanel control and specify an AsyncPostBackTrigger and also associate the UpdateProgress to an UpdatePanel, the UpdateProgress control will not be displayed.Below is the solution



<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true"
CodeFile="PleaseWait.aspx.cs"
Inherits="GridViewasInsert" %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/
xhtml1-transitional.dtd"
>

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">


<asp:ScriptManager ID="s" runat="server">

</asp:ScriptManager>
<div>
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server"
Text="AA" OnClick="Button1_Click" />


<asp:UpdatePanel ID="UpdatePanel1"
runat
="server">

<ContentTemplate>
gfdgdg
</ContentTemplate>

<Triggers>
<asp:AsyncPostBackTrigger
ControlID="Button1"
EventName="Click" />
</Triggers>
</asp:UpdatePanel>

<asp:UpdateProgress
AssociatedUpdatePanelID="UpdatePanel1"
ID
="UpdateProgress1" runat="server">
<ProgressTemplate>
Please wait, update in progress
</ProgressTemplate>
</asp:UpdateProgress>
</div>
</form>


<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

var prm = Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager.getInstance();
prm.add_initializeRequest(InitializeRequest);
prm.add_endRequest(EndRequest);
var postBackElement;

function InitializeRequest(sender, args)
{
if (prm.get_isInAsyncPostBack())
args.set_cancel(true);
postBackElement = args.get_postBackElement();

if (postBackElement.id == 'Button1')
$get('UpdateProgress1').style.display = 'block';
}
function EndRequest(sender, args)
{
if (postBackElement.id == 'Button1')
$get('UpdateProgress1').style.display = 'none';
}
</script>

</body>
</html>

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Collections;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebParts;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;

public partial class GridViewasInsert
: System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
//Replace This when using on live server
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000);

}
protected void Button1_Click(object sender,
EventArgs e)
{
Response.Redirect("AnotherPage.aspx");
}
}

Sunday, May 18, 2008

About ToogleBase

Welcome to Tooglebase.blogger.com

Hope this blog is going to help you all